project

Building Identity: Character in Architectural Debate and Design
1750-1850

In architectural discourse, ‘character’ denotes the capacity of buildings to give expression to a quality or emotion, and thereby enter into a meaningful relationship with their public. Still used today in architectural criticism, ‘character’ was a topic of exploration and debate in European architectural criticism and practice in the period 1750-1850.

From the 1750s onwards the notion of character became ubiquitous in public discourse on buildings. Character indicated how a building expressed the personality of its patron, its architect, a style or genre, how its form related to its use, or how it represented a culture or a nation; in short, a building’s character was its identity.

This research project, running from 2022 to 2026, is funded by the Swiss Science Foundation (SNSF) and based at the gta Institute for the History and Theory of Architecture, ETH Zurich. The project, led by Sigrid de Jong and Maarten Delbeke, will produce a critical history of the uses and meaning of ‘character’ in the period 1750-1850, in order to understand why it became so important, and why its concepts persist today.

people

Dr. Sigrid de Jong (co-leader) is a senior researcher and lecturer in the history and theory of architecture at the chair of Prof. Dr. Maarten Delbeke, in the Institute for the History and Theory of Architecture (gta) of ETH Zurich. Sigrid holds a PhD in architectural history and theory from Leiden University (2010), and a Master in architectural history from the University of Amsterdam. She has worked as a curator at the Netherlands Architecture Institute (NAi, now New Institute) in Rotterdam, and as an architectural historian at the architectural office Van Hoogevest Architecten. At Leiden University she was a senior researcher and lecturer in architectural history and theory, conducting a postdoctoral research project (2010-2015) on primitivism and architectural theory (1750-1850) in the context of Maarten Delbeke’s project ‘The Quest for the Legitimacy of Architecture in Europe, 1750-1850’. From 2016 to 2019 she conducted her research project titled ‘Experience and Design: The Emergence of Architectural Experience in Paris and London, 1750-1815’, funded by the talent scheme of NWO (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research). At the National Museum of Antiquities (RMO) in Leiden she curated the exhibition Experiencing Paestum (2019). In 2019-2020 she was awarded a Senior Fellowship from the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art in London. She is also a recipient of grants from the INHA/Fondation de France, the Paul Mellon Centre and the Samuel H. Kress Foundation, and was awarded the Research Prize of the Erasmus Prize Foundation for an exceptional PhD dissertation in the humanities and social sciences (2012). Her research and teaching focuses on eighteenth- and nineteenth-century architecture and architectural theory, with a special interest in the human responses to buildings and the city, in the public realm, in discourse and design. She is co-leader of the SNSF-funded project ‘Building Identity: Character in Architectural Debate and Design, 1750-1850’, in the frame of which she researches on character and personhood, focusing on female agency in architecture.

Prof. Dr. Maarten Delbeke (co-leader) holds the Chair of the History and Theory of Architecture at the Department of Architecture at ETH Zurich. He studied architecture at the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture at Ghent University, where he obtained his PhD in 2001. After having been awarded the Scott Opler Fellowship in Architectural History (Worcester College, Oxford), he became a post-doctoral fellow with the Flemish Fund for Scientific Research (F.W.O.). In 2005 he started teaching at the Universities of Ghent and Leiden. At Leiden he led the research project “The Quest for the Legitimacy of Architecture 1750–1850“, funded by a VIDI-grant from the Dutch Science Foundation (N.W.O.). In 2014 he became full professor in the field of architectural history and theory at Ghent University. He joined ETH Zurich in 2016. Maarten Delbeke has published widely on the history and theory of baroque architecture and art in Rome, France and the Southern Netherlands; theoretical questions in 18th- and 19th-century European architecture; and the reception of early modern architecture in the 20th century. He is also active as an architecture critic. As the founding editor-in-chief of “Architectural Histories”, the online open-access journal of the European Architectural History Network (EAHN), he seeks to explore digital methods in the research and dissemination of architectural history. Maarten Delbeke was a member of the Belgian Historical Institute in Rome, and is on the executive board of SARI (Swiss Art Research Infrastructure), a PI in the HERA-programme “The past in print. Architecture, print culture, and the uses of history in modern Europe“ (PriArc), and an international core scholar of the Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Privacy Studies (PRIVACY).

Dr. Nikos Magouliotis is a postdoctoral researcher and architectural historian at the Chair of Prof. Dr. Maarten Delbeke, in the Institute for the History and Theory of Architecture (gta) of ETH Zurich. Nikos obtained his doctoral degree from the ETH in 2022; prior to that, he studied architecture and architectural history in Athens (NTUA) and Oslo (AHO). His doctoral dissertation was titled Forlorn Folklore: Discovering and debating the vernacular architecture of Greece, from the Ottoman era to the Greek nation-state, and was part of the HERA research program “Printing the Past. Architecture, Print Culture, and Uses of the Past in Modern Europe (PriArc)”. The dissertation focused on the vernacular architecture of Ottoman-era Greece and the different meanings ascribed to it by Western travellers and local authors. Nikos’ current research – in the context of the SNSF-funded project “Building Identity: Character in Architectural Debate and Design, 1750-1850”, led by Sigrid de Jong and Maarten Delbeke – focuses on Swiss vernacular architecture. The research juxtaposes the ways in which urban intellectuals idealized the chalet as a symbol of rusticity and national identity, with the the actual lives, customs and beliefs of the peasants that built and inhabited such constructions.

Dominik Müller is an architect and PhD candidate in the Chair of Prof. Dr. Maarten Delbeke, ETH Zurich in the Institute for the History and Theory of Architecture (gta). After graduating from the University of the Arts in Berlin, Dominik worked for several architecture offices in Berlin and Zurich. In 2022, he graduated from the MAS program at the gta with the thesis The World in Ornaments: Friedrich Hessemer’s Imaginary Egypt, 1800-1860. Currently, he is working in the framework of the SNSF-funded research project “Building Identity: Character in Architectural Debate and Design, 1750-1850”, where he interrogates the French, English and German reception of the architectural syncretism in medieval Sicily; its character, historiography and sensemaking between national identity and Orientalised alterity.

site visits

Character meets Norman–Arab in Palermo

October 2024

Character meets Gothic in Strasbourg

November 2023

In November 2023, we toured the Alsatian border city of Strasbourg. Guided by the art historian Dr. Sabine Bengel (Fondation de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame) and Prof. Alexandre Kostka, we visited the cathedral, its workshop, which is particularly famous for its continuous existence since the Middle Ages (1224-8) and the drawing collection of the museum Œuvre Notre-Dame. Accompanied with texts by authors such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Sophie von La Roche, Friedrich Schlegel, Madame de Stäel and Emil Mâle, we delved into the contested historiography of the cathedral and its infliction of national character between France and Germany.

Character meets Rococo in Basel

January 2023

In January 2023, we explored the character of rococo and personhood in the Haus zum Kirschgarten, while reading Le Camus de Mézières (1780), and in the Wild’tsche Haus with Boffrand (1745). We visited the Münster accompanied with texts on style, history and the Gothic by Fechter and Kugler (1850 and 1859), and examined the character of gardens and rocks in the Bäumlihof in Riehen, with its primitivist Bienenhaus, together with Whately’s (1770) words.

Character meets Chalet in Flims

October 2022

In October 2022, we started the project with a visit to Flims and the Gelbes Haus to see the exhibition ‘Mythos Chalet’ about the different shapes, meanings and uses of the chalet. Reading a variety of sources, from Rousseau and Ruskin to Swiss architects like Graffenried and Stürler, we contemplated on how the rural landscape and its architecture fed the national mythology of Switzerland.

teaching

History of Art and Architecture V: Caractère

Dr. Sigrid de Jong, Dr. Nikos Magouliotis

In this reading class taught at ETH Zurich since 2019, we closely examine key texts that discuss the phenomenon of a building's 'character' from the 1700s up until today. We explore caractère or character as a category of architectural discourse, developed in the eighteenth century when architects and theorists were seeking new ways to talk about and judge buildings, pushing architectural discourse beyond Vitruvian categories to which it had been tied for centuries before. Independent reading, lively class discussions and letter writing make up this course's character.

events and conferences

Oxford, 8-10 January 2025. Sigrid de Jong, ‘Female Embodied Experiences in the Metropolis: Sensing Paris and London’, Session Sensing the Eighteenth Century. BSECS Annual Conference: ‘Bodies and Embodiment’.

Basel, 14 December 2024. Nikos Magouliotis, ‘Enchanted Architecture’, Museum der Kulturen Basel, Münsterplatz.

Palermo, September - December 2024. Dominik Müller, residency in Palermo, Palazzo Branciforte. Istituto Svizzero, Palermo

Rome, 18-19 November 2024. Dominik Müller, ‘Mapping Change: The ‘Character’ of Norman Architecture in Sicily’. Conference After the Middle Ages, Reception, Remnants, Revival: Architecture and Medievalism.

Würzburg, 14–16 November 2024. Dominik Müller, ‘Pyramids, Octagons and Pinnacles: Batalha’s Influence’. Conference Gothic (Revival) Spaces: Concepts and Reinterpretation of British and Continental Domestic Architecture 1750–1900.

Frankfurt, 10-12 October 2024. Dominik Müller, ‘Controlled Variety: Imperial Picturesque and Medieval Architecture’. Conference Romanticism’s Colonial Legacies in and beyond Europe.

Zurich, 9 October 2024. Nikos Magouliotis, ‘National Nostalgia and artificial Villages – the case of Switzerland’. Guest lecture for the ‘Rural Dialogues’ series of studio Newrope, Chair of Prof. Freek Persyn, ETH Zurich.

21 September 2024. Maarten Delbeke, ‘Le baroque et les bons Allemands. Fiske Kimball and France in the aftermath of WWII’. SAH Virtual 2024. Session: Reframing Fiske Kimball. Historiography, Politics, Authoriality.

Granada, 23-24 May 2024. Dominik Müller, ‘Gothic in the East: The Quest for Extra-European Origins’, Conference The architects and the travels to the East, mid-18th Century - 1960s.

Kassel, 23 May 2024. Nikos Magouliotis, ‘The Chalet Talks Back: Swiss Vernacular Architecture between Rousseau-ian myths and Peasant beliefs’. Guest lecture at the Documenta Institut in Kassel.

Rome, 26 January 2024. Sigrid de Jong, ‘Women as Agents of Change: Female Interventions in Parisian Architecture’.Conference Women as Builders, Designers and Critics of the Built Environment, 1200-1800.

Zürich, 8/13/14-15 September 2023. Sessions, Chair Maarten Delbeke, Chair Sigrid de Jong and Chair Nikos Magouliotis. Conference Listening In, Conversations on Architectures, Cities and Landscapes 1700-1900, organised by ERC-funded project Women Writing Architecture: Female Experiences of the Built 1700-1900 (WoWA), Chair Anne Hultzsch & Sigrid de Jong.

22-24 June 2023. Sigrid de Jong, ‘Enchantment and Eloquence: Helen Maria Williams’ Parisian Experiences’. Online Conference Emotion, Sense, Experience in British Art and Architecture.

Arc-et-Senans, 1-3 June 2023. Sigrid de Jong, ‘Ledoux et le caractère de l’architecture’. Conference Claude-Nicolas Ledoux dans le texte: Lectures de L’Architecture considérée sous le rapport de l’art, des moeurs et de la législation (1804).

June 2023. Sigrid de Jong, ‘The Designer, the Reformer, and the Critic: Three women engaging in Architecture in Eighteenth-Century Paris’. Workshop Women as Builders, Designers and Critics of the Built Environment, 1200-1800.

Stockholm, 16-17 April 2023. Sigrid de Jong, ‘The Aspiring Professor: William Chambers as a Teacher of Architecture’. Conference Sir William Chambers, organised by Cambridge University.

ETH Zürich, 16 March 2023. Expert meeting ‘Style and Character’, with Prof. Mari Hvattum (The Oslo School of Architecture and Design), the Building Identity group, Damla Göre, and Elena Rieger.

Bern, 10 November 2022. Sigrid de Jong, ‘Building Identity: Character in Architectural Discourse and Design, 1750-1850’. Conference Perspectives on Early Modern Art: Current Research at Swiss Universities.

Madrid, 17 June 2022. Sigrid de Jong, ‘A Compact City inside a Compact Metropolis: The Palais-Royal and Paris’. International conference of the European Architectural History Network. Session The compact city inside out. Compact cities throughout the ages, session chairs Petra Brouwer, Tim Verlaan (University of Amsterdam UVA).

Zurich, 24 May 2022. Sigrid de Jong, ‘Making Sense of the Built. Madame de Staël Writing on Architecture”. Conference and Workshop Listen to Her! Female Experiences of the Built 1700-1900. ERC-funded project WoWA.

publications

Maarten Delbeke, Sigrid de Jong, Dominik Müller, Nikos Magouliotis, ‘Character, or the Anxiety of Appropriateness in Eighteenth-Century Architectural Discourse’, Archimaera 11 (2024): Angemessenheit.

Nikos Magouliotis, ‘The Disenchantment of the Vernacular: Architectural Representation from the Witch-Hunt to the Picturesque’PLATFORM (Sep 9, 2024).

Dominik Müller, ‘How to Weave German Baskets’, Oase, issue Book Reviews: From Words to Buildings, 2024, 118, 37-41.

Nikos Magouliotis, ‘It takes a Village to make a Nation: The ‘Village Suisse’ at the Exposition Nationale de Genève (1896)’, OASE 117: Project Village (2024), 11-26.

Maarten Delbeke, Pier Paolo Tamburelli (eds), Project of a Historical Architecture Illustrating the Most Noted Buildings of Antiquity and Foreign Peoples, Taken from History Books, Commemorative Medals, Ruins and True Depictions. Translated and annotated reprint of Entwurff einer historischen ARCHITECTUR. First ed. Vienna 1721 by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach (Milan: Humboldt Books, 2023).

Maarten Delbeke, ‘Reclaming History. The Entwurff and the historical art of architecture’, in Delbeke, Tamburelli (eds), Project of a Historical Architecture (2023), 6–11.

Sigrid de Jong, ‘The City and its Significant Other: Lived Urban Histories beyond the Comparative Mode’, Journal18, Issue 15 Cities (Spring 2023), Richard Wittman, Katie Scott (eds.).

Maarten Delbeke, ‘The Alphabet of Architecture. Originality and literacy in the theory of profiles’, RA Revista de Arquitectura 24 (2022): 34–45.

Forthcoming

Sigrid de Jong, ‘The Designer, the Reformer and the Critic: Three Women Engaging in Architecture in Eighteenth-Century Paris’ in Shelley Roff (ed.), Women and the Built Environment before 1800, London/New York: Routledge, 2025.

Sigrid de Jong, ‘Ascribing Meaning to the Built: Germaine de Staël Writing on Architecture’, in Anne Hultzsch, Sol Perez Martinez (eds.), Women Writing Architecture 1700-1900: Expanding Histories, Zurich: gta Verlag, 2025.

Sigrid de Jong, ‘Ledoux et le caractère de l’architecture’, in Dominique Massounie, Fabrice Moulin, Emmanuel Chateau Dutier (eds.), Ledoux dans le texte, 2025.

Maarten Delbeke, Maarten Liefooghe (eds.), Touring Belgium. Tourism, Print Culture and Heritage in Belgium (1830–1918), Architectural Crossroads, nr. 11 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2025).

Maarten Delbeke, ‘Composite Belgium: The Guide du touriste en Belgique of 1845 and French travel writing in the first two decades of Belgian independence’, in Delbeke, Liefooghe (eds.), Touring Belgium. Tourism, Print Culture and Heritage in Belgium (1830–1918). Architectural Crossroads, nr. 11 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2025).